Yanmamo essays

Yanmamo expositions There are numerous contrasts between the South American Yanomamo culture and the North American culture that we have adjusted to, however exactly at there is culture assorted variety between us, we have a few likenesses. The ethnography, which is picked, was Yanomamo composed by Napoleon A. Chagnon, anthropologists. Chagnon discloses to us how to it was to live among the Yanomamo family, political and fighting framework versus the American Culture. The Yanomamo are of patrilineal culture, male situated and chauvinist. For reasons unknown they accept that, they are better than ladies, so do a few men in American culture. Be that as it may, they are shocked back reality when the law gets included, shockingly Yanomamo men dont have this reminder. Marriage is diverse viewpoint. Yanomamo relationships are vastly different from that of American relationships. Yanomamo ladies are treated as materialistic items and guaranteed by their dad or sibling to a Yanomamo man as an end-result of correspondence. The correspondence could be another Yanomamo ladies or political coalitions. The exchanges are frequently drilled in the Yanomamo culture. Polygamy is additionally a piece of the Yanomamo culture. Yanomamo ladies are kept in the guys ownership. The Yanomamo man attempts to gather the same number of spouses as he can so as to show his capacity and manliness. As polygamy in American Culture is alluded to as plural marriage which is illegal. In addition, polygamy, the act of child murder assumes a job in the absence of ladies in their general public. Yanomamo want to parent a male youngster instead of a female kid, so on the off chance that a female is conceived she is murdered during childbirth. This again demonstrated their misogynist convictions that ladies are sub-par. Numerous Yanomamo ladies dreading their spouses execute a female newborn child to abstain from baffling their alleged better half. To the individuals of American culture certain strategies of killing another conceived infant would be viewed as merciless, horrendous and muti... <!

Tartuffe and A Modest Proposal Essays - Tartuffe, Molire

Hypocrite 1 Hypocrite and A Modest Proposal: An Overview Chasity Tullis October 11, 2010 ENG 103: The Literary Experience Educator Zone Hypocrite 2 Reason: The reason for Tartuffe was to parody the excessively unbending, bombastic churchgoers, and the unorthodox catholic development of Moliere?s time. This development was denounced by the Vatican. It was initially performed at the Palace of Versailles before King Louis in 1664 as a three demonstration play and was denounced by court pastors and prohibited from open execution. The ministers accepted that it ridiculed the religion and its practices. It was uniquely until they play was reached out to five acts, reconsidered twice, and Tartuffe gave a role as a layman that it was affirmed for open execution by King Louis. The primary open exhibition of the acknowledged type of Tartuffe occurred in February of 1669. Principle Ideas: The principle thoughts spoke to in Tartuffe are false reverence, artlessness, and the expending intensity of fixation. Lip service is the focal topic to Tartuffe. This is demonstrated continually by the unctuous and self ? upright Tartuffe who is extremely only a miscreant. Naïveté spins out of control through the play as Tartuffe has every one of them tricked aside from the kids and the house cleaner. The fundamental simpleton is Orgon the leader of the family that took Tartuffe in as a result of his faithful religion and his severe set of accepted rules. He at last has Orgon so tricked that he gives him his little girl while Tartuffe longs for Orgon?s spouse, eats his food, and goes through his cash. The intensity of fixation at last becomes Tartuffe?s destruction as his possible desire for Orgon?s spouse defeats him when she sets him up by being wily and concealing her significant other so Tartuffe gets trapped in the demonstration, in a manner of speaking. Illumination: The illumination time frame was a lot of thoughts, not a lot of qualities. It doubted customary establishments, customs, ethics, and a solid faith in the discernment of science. It underlined the social condition, not the way of thinking. Moliere?s play was a finished logical inconsistency to the conventions of strict practices that individuals were utilized as well. It embodied the open condition that we are our very own casualty artlessness or eagerness to pass judgment flippantly, not by what the book contains. Past to Present: I accept that Tartuffe gives us a hilarious point of view toward the acts of the past and drove us into the future by indicating that in the event that you utilize your mind and presence of mind you will have the option to explore and not be made a Hypocrite 3 fool. We learn later on that we should utilize our senses and follow our gut so to avoid being made an idiot of. A Modest Proposal Reason: The reason for Swift?s proposition is to forestall the offspring of the poor in Dublin, Ireland from turning into a weight to their nation by turning out to be hoodlums and poor themselves to get valuable to their general public as to diminish the issue of skillet dealing with ladies and their kids. Principle Ideas: The principle thoughts of Swift?s proposition, anyway implausible they may be are not very unrealistic in the event that you consider the figuring and foundation he contemplated and demonstrated in his proposition. The main thought is to give a modest and simple manner by which to manage the poor container taking care of moms and youngsters nipping at their feet by handing them over to an advantage to society. The subsequent thought is the manner by which to accommodate the poor because of the present situation of the nation. The third thought is that these offspring of the poor can bolster their families after the age of one by being sold as food much like a pig would be offered to a butcher. The fourth thought is that these youngsters would be raised and offered like dairy cattle to a butcher. With this being done it might kill the poor passing on of ailment, starving to death, or being prematurely ended. The fifth thought is the idea that being sold like dairy cattle and being murdered for food is the same than them passing on from starvation and infection. Illumination: It is as I would like to think that the edification period turned into a time of thoughts to unravel the mess the nation may be in. Thoughts were delivered to manage any undertaking that might be an issue to society. I think

MindMeister Available on the New Google Apps Marketplace - Focus

MindMeister Available on the New Google Apps Marketplace - Focus Please note: this article was last updated in 2010 meaning some of the content may out now be outdated. Its a big day for us, as we may now finally break the news about what we’ve been working on at MeisterLabs for the last few weeks. As of today, MindMeister is available to Google Apps users directly through the new Google Apps Marketplace, which Google announced last night! This integration has been long in the making and were pretty excited about it as we think that MindMeister is a great extension to the existing array of apps in the Google suite. We certainly hope you will feel the same way, enjoying lots of productive mind mapping sessions using the Google Apps edition of MindMeister! To get started, just add MindMeister to your Google Apps account this takes just a few clicks and MindMeister will then be available to all team members through Googles universal navigation. You can of course also connect existing accounts. Google users have access to all MindMeister functions of course, plus a few more: Single Sign-on: ?Users will automatically be signed in when they open MindMeister from the Google universal navigation, and will have mind maps automatically associated to their account. Export to Google Docs: ?The MindMeister export dialog now has an additional function (and button) to export mind maps directly to your Google Docs space as a PDF or image. Share with Google contacts: ?Your MindMeister app contact list is prefilled with all your Google contacts, thereby enabling one-click sharing with those that you collaborate most often with. Keeping in theme with Googles familiar style and feel, we’ve even added a specific user interface skin to make Google users feel more at home. Needless to say, we’re quite proud to have been hand selected by the team in Mountain View as one of the initial participants in the launch of the Google Apps Marketplace. As you can imagine, there was a ton of work that went into making all of this possible. Many thanks go out to the Apps Marketplace team for their constant feedback and support. Likewise, we’ve all had our heads buried in this project for quite a few weeks now, so please forgive our uncharacteristic silence as of late. Converting existing accounts If you’re one of the overwhelming majority of MindMeister users that also uses Google Apps/Docs, you can easily add MindMeister to your existing Google account via the Marketplace, while still retaining your existing MindMeister maps, contacts, links, file attachments, etc. Check out our Google Apps help section to find out exactly how to connect your existing account. As with all things MindMeister, we’re always interested in your feedback. Let us know your thoughts on the MindMeister for Google Apps, and if you like it â€" why not submit a review? ?? MindMeister Available on the New Google Apps Marketplace - Focus Please note: this article was last updated in 2010 meaning some of the content may out now be outdated. Its a big day for us, as we may now finally break the news about what we’ve been working on at MeisterLabs for the last few weeks. As of today, MindMeister is available to Google Apps users directly through the new Google Apps Marketplace, which Google announced last night! This integration has been long in the making and were pretty excited about it as we think that MindMeister is a great extension to the existing array of apps in the Google suite. We certainly hope you will feel the same way, enjoying lots of productive mind mapping sessions using the Google Apps edition of MindMeister! To get started, just add MindMeister to your Google Apps account this takes just a few clicks and MindMeister will then be available to all team members through Googles universal navigation. You can of course also connect existing accounts. Google users have access to all MindMeister functions of course, plus a few more: Single Sign-on: ?Users will automatically be signed in when they open MindMeister from the Google universal navigation, and will have mind maps automatically associated to their account. Export to Google Docs: ?The MindMeister export dialog now has an additional function (and button) to export mind maps directly to your Google Docs space as a PDF or image. Share with Google contacts: ?Your MindMeister app contact list is prefilled with all your Google contacts, thereby enabling one-click sharing with those that you collaborate most often with. Keeping in theme with Googles familiar style and feel, we’ve even added a specific user interface skin to make Google users feel more at home. Needless to say, we’re quite proud to have been hand selected by the team in Mountain View as one of the initial participants in the launch of the Google Apps Marketplace. As you can imagine, there was a ton of work that went into making all of this possible. Many thanks go out to the Apps Marketplace team for their constant feedback and support. Likewise, we’ve all had our heads buried in this project for quite a few weeks now, so please forgive our uncharacteristic silence as of late. Converting existing accounts If you’re one of the overwhelming majority of MindMeister users that also uses Google Apps/Docs, you can easily add MindMeister to your existing Google account via the Marketplace, while still retaining your existing MindMeister maps, contacts, links, file attachments, etc. Check out our Google Apps help section to find out exactly how to connect your existing account. As with all things MindMeister, we’re always interested in your feedback. Let us know your thoughts on the MindMeister for Google Apps, and if you like it â€" why not submit a review? ??

Essay on Platos Allegory of the Cave - 1315 Words

In society today most people live by what is call â€Å"social norms†, most people follow these norms and some choose not to follow them. Social norms are certain things in life that everyone does to be accepted by their co-workers, family, friends and even strangers. Some may feel that they have to live by these norms to get through life without being rejected and to be known as a â€Å"normal† person, hence the word â€Å"norm†. If a person were to stray from this path and just do what they felt like doing and do what made them happy as an individual, would they be criticized? In Plato’s Allegory of a Cave he describes an example of people conforming to the norm they were born into and then shows the results of a person emerging from this community†¦show more content†¦The man ran up the hill towards the light and the end of the cave where he was temporarily blinded because he was used to the darkness inside of the cave. Of course this is all v ery confusing to him and maybe even angers him because he does not understand what he is seeing. Eventually this man will gain knowledge of the world and everything in it, from the shadows of the objects he saw on the wall of the cave all the way up to how the sun helps the earth. He will see that was he was made to see and understand was not reality but just was he was made to believe. This freed man now pities the other prisoners that are still inside the cave because he realizes how wrong they were about everything they know. Plato describes how if the freed prisoner were to go back to the cave and tell the others what he has seen that they would criticize him, laugh at him and tell him he would have been better off if he had never escaped. They even go as far to say that if another person were to be released that they should be caught and killed so as to not follow the same fate as the released prisoner. (Plato, Parker, P. M., 2005) In my eyes Plato is describing how the society today is full of â€Å"unenlightenment† or ignorance and how we as a culture have been conformed to accepted ways and if we were to step away from these accustomed ways we would be casted out and ridiculed by our peers. According to SwapnilShow MoreRelatedPlatos Allegory of the Cave1521 Words   |  7 PagesPlato’s Allegory of the Cave Essay One of Plato’s more famous writings, The Allegory of the Cave, Plato outlines the story of a man who breaks free of his constraints and comes to learn of new ideas and levels of thought that exist outside of the human level of thinking. However, after having learned so many new concepts, he returns to his fellow beings and attempts to reveal his findings but is rejected and threatened with death. This dialogue is an apparent reference to his teacher’s theoriesRead MorePlatos Allegory of The Cave752 Words   |  3 Pagesinterpreting Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave’’ in which is a representation that described a narrative of the society of people in before Christ years. I realized how there was a major comparison of people in today’s society that reflected the same prisoner traits as the prisoners that were described in the dialogue. According to the Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave.† It described conditions of people chain ed at birth unable to function as independent individuals that were locked in a protracted dark cave. TheyRead MoreAnalysis Of Platos Allegory Of The Cave864 Words   |  4 PagesOn the surface of Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† it is just a simple piece, but the main purpose of the piece is to explain people living in a world of face value and having individuals break free from the main idea to create a new sense of what the world is truly about. In here, Plato uses the writing style of allegory to encompass the use of imagery and symbolism to explain his purpose. He also uses very clever dialogue with constant repetition to represent a bigger idea about the philosophy withRead MoreExplain Platos Allegory Of The Cave1483 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions they raised. For instance, Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† is essential for philosophy because it answers the question of why should anyone engage in philosophy. This paper will explain Plato†™s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† in both classical and modern manner as well as suggest philosophical topics for further inquiry. Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† is told through the lips of Socrates, Plato’s teacher, to Glaucon, Plato’s brother. Socrates suggests imagining a deep cave having a large room and a steepRead MoreAnalysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave948 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave Platos Allegory of the Cave is also termed as the Analogy of the Cave, Platos Cave, or the Parable of the Cave. It was used by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic to illustrate our nature in its education and want of education. It comprises of a fictional dialogue between Platos teacher Socrates and Platos brother Glaucon. Socrates gives a description of a group of people who spent their lifetime facing a blank wall chained to the wall of a caveRead MoreAnalysis Of Platos Allegory Of The Cave1532 Words   |  7 PagesIn the allegory written by Plato titled â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Plato discusses the concept of seeking knowledge and gaining wisdom. He uses a story of prisoners trapped into a cave to represent the confines of reality that humans are put into, and a lone prisoner exiting the cave to represent a philosopher seeking a greater understanding. Plato’s writing tells of the flaw that all humans share, which is the fact that we believe our p erceptions to be the absolute, incontestable truth. It is thisRead MorePlatos Allegory Of The Cave Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pages Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† is full of meaningful, thought provoking lessons that have been analyzed be scholars and philosophers for years. One of the basic lessons we can draw from it is immaterial truth, or forms. In Plato’s cave scenario, the men who only see shadows have ideas of what they are seeing. They conclude they can see certain things and can name those things. But what they see as an actual object, they are actually just seeing a shadow of the actual object. â€Å"If they discuss thingsRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave and Advertisements1889 Words   |  8 PagesJulian Figueroa (#30973127) 1 An Allegory of Advertisements How does Plato’s allegory influence the way we consume art today? Every minute of every day, millions of people are exposed to advertisements. They plague televisions, streets, radio waves, and all means of communication. These advertisements employ many methods of persuasion and their influence is irresistible. Just like prisoners in Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, we are told every day to invest our time and interest into the subjectRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave3086 Words   |  13 PagesPrompt: Define Plato s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†. What is the central message? Is he describing education alone? Where does politics come in? Plato is known to many as one of the most influential and greatest philosophers to have lived. Plato represents his idea of reality and the truth about what we perceive through one of his famous writings, â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†. The philosophical writing is in the form of an allegory, which is â€Å"a story in which the characters and situations actually representRead MorePlatos Allegory Of The Cave Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthe limits of reason and morality. Having freedom equals having the power to think, to speak, and to act without externally imposed restrains. As a matter of fact, finding freedom in order to live free is the common idea in Plato with The Allegory of the Cave; Henry David Thoreau with Where I lived and What I lived for; and Jean Paul Sartre with Existentialism. Generally, Plato, Thoreau, and Sartre suggested that human life should be free. They differ in what that freedom is. Plato thinks

What Should We Know About Fortunato - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 659 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Cask of Amontillado Essay Did you like this example? The Cask of Amontillado is one of Poes most famous short stories. In the story a man named Montresor takes revenge upon his friend, Fortunato. Readers dont know what Fortunato did to deserve revenge. During the 1700s in a European city Montresor had a plan to get revenge on Fortunato. The both of them meet during a festival called carnival season, Montresor then convinces Fortunato to go home with him to an underground wine vault to taste a special type of sherry wine called Amontillado. Although Amontillado might not be real Montresor lets Fortunato know that, but Montresor also pretends to ask another man named Luchesi to taste it just so he can trick Fortunato into wanting to be the one to taste it. Montresor then goes down to his wine vault, and acts on his plan of revenge. Fortunato was in luck, he received a pipe of what passes for Amontillado. Fortunato had his doubts about it though, so Luchesi decides to be on his way because if anyone will know a real Amontillado it would be him. Fortunato was led through multiple suites of rooms that brought him into the vaults. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Should We Know About Fortunato" essay for you Create order Going along the vaults, The Montresors were a great and numerous family as you can see all around. Passing through walls of piled bones, and puncheons into the inmost recesses of the catacombs. Luchesi grabbed Fortunato ad shouted the The nitre! The nitre increases, it hangs like a moss upon the vaults. Being below the rivers bed drops of moisture trickle among the bones. It is nothing Luchesi said to Fortunato, I need another drink of wine. Fortunato gave a bottle of De Grave to Luchesi, Luchesi finished it up in a quick breath, his eyes flashed with a fierce light. He laughed and threw the bottle upwards with a gesture, Fortunato didnt understand but Luchesi looked at him in surprise and said its the movement, a ridiculous one. Passing through a range of low arches, arrived at a deep crypt in which foulness of the air caused torches to glow than to turn into flame. At the end of the crypt was walls lined up with human remains piled to the vault ahead. Going along the vault was Amontillado. In an instant reaching the wall and finding progress stopped by a rock they stood completely confused. Montresor then chained up Fortunato to the granite. In its surface were two iron rings, distant from each other about two feet, horizontally. Throwing the links around his waist it took only a few seconds to lock it. Fortunato was too surprised to fight back. Montresor then barely laid the first layer when discovering that Fortunatos intoxication had worn off. A low moaning cry from inside the hole was heard, it was not the cry of a drunken man. A succession of loud and shrill screams bursting all of a sudden from the throat of the chained form seemed to throw Fortunato violently back. A quiet laugh that followed along a sad voice Fortunato was in pain. A voice laughing along saying what a good joke, an excellent joke indeed. Following along saying we will have a rich laugh about it at the palazzo continuously laughing. The Amontillado! Montresor shouted. Let us be gone is all that is saying, yes let us be gone for the love of God, Montresor. Montresor listened in vain for a reply, he grew impatient. Yelling on the other hand screaming out Fortunato Fortunato, no answer. Thrusting a torch through the remaining hole came fo rth in return of jingling bells. His heart grew sick of the dampness of catcombs, he hurried to make an end of his work but forced the last stone into its position and plastered it up against the new masonry. He also re-erected the old pile of bones, and for the half of a century no human has disturbed them. May he rest in peace Montresor said talking about Fortunato.

Gatsby, Corruption of Wealth Free Essays

Cold Cash Turns to Cold Hearts The 1920s’ was a hectic time period for many young and wealthy people living in New York City. Many entrepreneurs took advantage of these economic opportunities and profited greatly. Although, some took their wealth in strife, to benefit others, some people misused their new power. We will write a custom essay sample on Gatsby, Corruption of Wealth or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald shows how money and power are often abused. Gatsby never understood the genuine value of hard work. While Tom and Gatsby are talking, Gatsby exclaimed, â€Å"After that, I lived like a rajah in all the capitols of Europe† (Fitzgerald 65). Gatsby was constantly living the life of extreme leisure and luxury, having no responsibilities, and no problems. It is almost as if Gatsby is the â€Å"king† of West Egg, with his huge palace and nice cars. As an article states, Gatsby had â€Å"his white suit, silver shirt, and gold tie-his palatial house, his grand parties, his fancy automobile, his hydroplane, and his library of real books. †(Pauly) With endless amounts of materialistic items and fake friendships what is there to live for? Although Gatsby tells people that he had â€Å"inherited† his wealth, Nick believes he made the money a different and immoral way. When Nick and Gatsby travel to the city one afternoon, they meet a shady man who claims to be good friends with Gatsby. At first, Nick mistakes him for a businessman but, Gatsby explains â€Å"Meyer Wolfsheim? No, he’s a gambler†¦ He’s the man who fixed the World Series back in 1919† (Fitzgerald 78). Gatsby appears to be an honest man, but there is a shady and crafty to side to him as well. A quote from an article proclaimed, â€Å"Jay Gatz, whose ill-gotten wealth is acquired solely to gain acceptance into the sophisticated, moneyed world of the woman he loves, Daisy Fay Buchanan† (Telgen). When people picture a sleazy gangster they see someone who is dirty, probably poorly dressed. However, Thomas H. Pauly’s article demonstrates, â€Å"Jay Gatsby effectively overturned the dated assumption that gangsters were lowlifes from the Bowery and replaced it with an upscale figure who was enviably wealthy and fashionably stylish. † Judging someone based on their appearance can have its repercussions. The squalid acts Gatsby would do just to get rich is mind-boggling, the money can bring out the most deceptive people. Some people may speculate that money can buy happiness, friends, and security. However, in the end Gatsby ended up with nothing, when he sadly discovered that money cannot buy true love. When people obtain a large amount of money, they either spend it wisely and profit or â€Å"blow† it, spending on superficial possessions they do not need. Unfortunately, with obvious disregard for morals, ethics and even the law, there is a corruption of wealth and power in the novel The Great Gatsby and in modern society as we know. How to cite Gatsby, Corruption of Wealth, Papers

Ageism and moral exclusion of older people - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ageism and moral exclusion of older people. Answer: Aging is a process in which people tend to grow old. The term is applicable to all the livings organisms on earth and humans in specific. In an extensive explanation, ageing also refers to the cease of cell division which leads to the death of the cell and it is applicable to the species in a population. In humans specifically, ageing refers to the changes that take place in human body over time which includes; social changes, psychological and physical changes. Ageing affects the reaction time of an individual although knowledge and wisdom may increase with the increase in age. Ageing is considered as the major culprit of risk factors and diseases that affects the aged people. All over the world around 150 thousand people die every day due to old age related diseases. Although, the real cause of ageing is not known. The consistent damage to the DNA and the inability of the systems of the body to recover from such damages leads to ageing (Kalsy-Lillico et al. 2012, 359-92). This stud y typically emphasizes on the theological and pastoral issues of ageing relating to dementia. The study involves an aged person of 70 years who is experiencing dementia. Due to ageing the several physical impacts and psycho-social impacts and experiences are highlighted. His personal experiences and the pastoral strategies by which a dementia affected person can be helped to recover. Personal experience of ageing can be described as an ageing process from a personal perspective. The personal experience of ageing can be explained through a multidimensional approach. There exists three different dimensions of ageing, the first dimension is physical decline such as the decline in health and vitality. The second dimension is the continuous personal development and growth. The last and the final dimension is the losses in relation to the social domain, which can be elaborated as the loss of respect and need by the other people. In the first dimension of physical decline, the aged people faces the decline in health due to the ageing issues. Several serious ailments like heart diseases, kidney diseases, eye sight and hearing related problems decreases the vitality of a person which both slows and degrades the health of an aged person (Suzman et al. 2015, 484-486). In the second dimension of personal development and growth, the aged person continuously gains knowledge an d wisdom as the time progresses. This is one of the positive impacts of ageing which brings respect for that particular aged person. There is no doubt that aged people although lacks the mobility and the vitality, but still they possess the vast amount of knowledge which benefits the other persons around. The third dimension of loss of social domain is considered as one of the biggest negative impacts of ageing. The aged person lacking the vitality and deteriorating physical health condition often remains isolated and neglected from his/her family. Due to this reason the aged people feel they are less respected and a negative psychological tendencies develop within their minds (Schwanen et al. 2012, 1291-1295). This however later leads to anxiety and depression. When people age they get an idea that the life is coming to an end. There are several challenges that they face when start to age and is common with all the humans irrespective of gender, culture, nationality and physique. The personal experience so ageing is discussed as under. Mortality As people grow old and age, they get confronted with the thoughts of anxiety and these thoughts are differing in individuals that are either parent or a religious people. From a parents perspectives, I can say whether a person is single or couple, always conscious about their progeny and that they should live on. The felling is same for the non-biologicals as they know that life will move on. The children and the grandchildren provide a sort of merriment for older people and gives a feeling of happiness and complete in all the hardships of ageing. The singles and couples that do not have the children or the progeny suffer from the pain that they are not leaving any next generation, although they had once decided not to have kids. Again when it comes to religious aspects of ageing, I think the religious beliefs and spiritual life both act to reduce the fears and depressions of existential pain and mortality. The belief of presence of life after life along with the spirituality acts as a guidance and a meaning to the life of the aged people. The aged people also find the eternal peace and a spiritual connection with the other aged people that share the same belief (Romero-Ortuno, and Rose 2012, 684-689). Dependency When people age they need the much needed support systems and it becomes an important part of our later life. Once these people used to strong and independent once but now they depend on their family and the friends. Individuals that had maintained a good relationship with his family and his friends always in a better situation than the other aged people. They may have moved away from our loved ones and the family members. However, the feeling of connection with the loved ones makes us feel supported and connected. Although, there are certain aged people that abandon their family or get abandoned by their family. For such people, emotional pain and regret are a common companion. Women and men stay better if they have created a group of friends around them that stay together like a family. The childless couples and singles experience a less painful life if they have a nested group of friends that have the similar interests. The aged people living in rural areas face more problem in co mparison to the one that live in the cities. This is the sole reason of the popularity of the assisted living facilities (Ruan 2015, 1-10). Midlife crisis- reaching the midlife stage does not result in the crisis situation as the period is anticipated. The aged people that once had experienced the sorrows and upheavals of life in their middle age of the remains prepared to the challenges that arise in future. Thus the previous challenges faced in the earlier part of the life result in better coping up and can be experienced just like another turning point in life. The survivors of major crisis like the political unrest, bankruptcy and natural disasters often tend to say they are confident enough to face any situation in future. The aged people who have experienced dead end relationships and failed marriages often view the midlife as a chance to start the life afresh (Bauer et al. 2015, 22-42). Ageism the prejudice related to ageing is present everywhere. Although it is seen everywhere that life expectancy is gradually increasing due to the advancement in science and medicine. However, according to me the present day youth and their obsession for fashion almost make the 50-year-old people just invisible. Discrimination is one of the major issues faced by the aged people due to the difference in religion, race, sexual preference. I think that the experiences gained over the years can be beneficial for an aged person to cope up with the discrimination. One important thing to note with ageing is the psychological effects of ageing on the people that used to emphasize more on their looks and physique. The reason is that later on these people suffer from the early incidence of ageing which includes loss of fertility, sagging skin, decreased stamina, virility. Sometimes people even try to reduce the impact of ageing through artificial procedures like cosmetic surgeries, usage of steroid s. This affects such aged people because once this image had brought them fame, success (Johnstone 2013, 27). Healthcare At a certain point, as people grow older they rely more on the healthcare. There are two different groups of people that suffer from the health issue. One is the person who knows the ailments that he is suffering, still the person is unable to move for treatment as because he is not financially strong enough. While the other type of person has financial support although does not know that he is suffering from any ailment (Roberts et al. 2013, 241-246). First person accounts of ageing- in the interview there were certain questions that were asked like: 1) what is the definition of successful ageing; 2) why to age successfully is important? 3) how the experiences of your life changed or impacted the ageing process? 4) provides the suggestions on how to age without major problems and any recommendation on the interventions needed for healthy life. The answers received from the respondents regarding the definition of successful ageing emphasized on the self-contentment and self-acceptance. According to the respondents successful ageing is like accepting the present stage of life. Staying away from the thoughts that makes us dwell in the past and regrets that we could have done this or done that (Reichstadt et al. 2010, 567-575). However, accepting the fact that the present scenario will not let us do it. This is the best way to make peace with the past. For some people this stage of live is a new found feeling. The second question was the definition of successful ageing and one of the response was successful ageing is a part of life and enjoying every bit of it is best part. It takes long time for a person to convince himself that the present condition of life is all that matters. The future is unpredictable and to live the present is first priority. The other responses are for the aged people that are active, they must know that they are growing old day by day. These active people are proactively enjoying the life to its full and are adventurous and fun loving. These people love to go for an adventure and not the type who would be unwilling to stay at home. The other responses are the social interaction that the aged people goes through is always considered as a learning process. Aged people can gain knowledge form other people life and can incorporate the learning in their own life (Reichstadt et al. 2010, 567-575). Pastoral strategies There was a perception that, aged people who are suffering from dementia and are unable to communicate effectively can recover from this condition if they start to participate in the spiritual practices. It was though that aged people will spring to life when they will be asked to say the lords prayer and would help them to perform the normal everyday communication with ease. However, the truth is that people suffering from dementia are not able to perceive the intellectual complexities associated with the spiritual practice. The people who are suffering from dementia experience the damage to the brains that reduce the intellectual and cognitive abilities and extensive memory loss. In dementia people are affected to such an extent that they lose the ability to recognise themselves and even others. During the study, the author while ministering had to adopt certain postures. This posture does not mean a different set of attitude of mind. This means that during ministering the author h ad to kneel down or bow down in front of the person (Swinton 2014, 160-172). This posture generally replicates the posture of worship and the people affected with dementia are able to recognise the rituals of worship. The study emphasizes that the negative effects of dementia are many and it includes inability to communicate properly, social interactions, patterns in behaviour and the ability to take care of oneself. The majority of the repercussions fall not only on the family and friends but also on the care givers. The person suffering from dementia lose the capability of personal reflection and are left alone to make what they want to make out of their own understanding and perception (Duin 2013, 101-112). The pastorals and the chaplains care givers have the exclusive responsibility to work for the people and the families affected with dementia. One in four people are not ready to accept the fact that they are affected with dementia. However, from the study it was found one of t he chaplains to be saying that what is the needs in providing the dementia affected people with the pastoral and care. Because the concepts of theology are beyond the understanding of the dementia affected people. Aged people affected with dementia are not in a condition to understand the idea behind spirituality and the existence of god. It has been seen that people suffering from dementia are often stigmatized and ignored and the Christian theology states that every human must be treated with respect (Hudson 2016, 50-67). Not because that person possesses the natural rights, but due to the fact that god resides in every human Thus, for such people, providing them with the self-help books and pastoral care are not enough for the recovery of the people suffering from dementia. Christian theology clearly states that no person is self-made and need other person to point out the weaknesses. Both the first and the final word that can solve all major problems related to dementia is the w ord love. The person suffering from dementia need the care and love from his neighbouring people, friends and families (Hudson 2016, 50-67). Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that in aged people the health issues arise with continuous ageing. When people age there are certain changes in the body that a person must get accustomed with to reduce the psychological impacts. The people who to some more extent rely on their self-image during their old age, must accept the fact that they no longer possess such health conditions in the present scenario. However, according to some of the interview questions asked relating to ageing, it was later inferred that a majority of the people are happy with the way they have experienced issues of ageing. The pastoral and theological issues relating to ageing and dementia reveal that, persons with dementia almost always forget to remember the existence of god and lack the spirituality. Thus, the care provided to such people must be through love and care. Reference Bauer, Esther K. "Masculinity in Crisis: Aging Men in Thomas Mann's Der Tod in Venedig and Max Frisch's Homo faber." The German Quarterly 88, no. 1 (2015): 22-42. Duin, Lorene. "Pastoral care for dementia caregivers." (2013): 101-112. Hudson, Rosalie Evelyn. "Gods Faithfulness and Dementia: Christian Theology in Context." Journal of Religion, Spirituality Aging 28, no. 1-2 (2016): 50-67. Johnstone, Megan-Jane. "Ageism and moral exclusion of older people." Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal 21, no. 3 (2013): 27. Kalsy-Lillico, Sunny, Dawn Adams, and Chris Oliver. "Older adults with intellectual disabilities: Issues in ageing and dementia." Clinical psychology and people with intellectual disabilities, 2nd edn. Chichester, Wiley Blackwell (2012): 359-92. Reichstadt, Jennifer, Geetika Sengupta, Colin A. Depp, Lawrence A. Palinkas, and Dilip V. Jeste. "Older adults' perspectives on successful aging: Qualitative interviews." The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 18, no. 7 (2010): 567-575. Roberts, Helen C., Holly Emma Syddall, Jonathan Sparkes, Jan Ritchie, Joe Butchart, Alastair Kerr, Cyrus Cooper, and Avan Aihie Sayer. "Grip strength and its determinants among older people in different healthcare settings." Age and ageing 43, no. 2 (2013): 241-246. Romero-Ortuno, Roman, and Rose Anne Kenny. "The frailty index in Europeans: association with age and mortality." Age and ageing 41, no. 5 (2012): 684-689. Ruan, Qingwei, Zhuowei Yu, Ma Chen, Zhijun Bao, Jin Li, and Wei He. "Cognitive frailty, a novel target for the prevention of elderly dependency." Ageing research reviews 20 (2015): 1-10. Schwanen, Tim, Irene Hardill, and Susan Lucas. "Spatialities of ageing: The co-construction and co-evolution of old age and space." Geoforum 43, no. 6 (2012): 1291-1295. Suzman, Richard, John R. Beard, Ties Boerma, and Somnath Chatterji. "Health in an ageing worldwhat do we know?." The Lancet 385, no. 9967 (2015): 484-486. Swinton, John. "What the body remembers: Theological reflections on dementia." Journal of Religion, Spirituality Aging 26, no. 2-3 (2014): 160-172.

Watching Prosody free essay sample

The people leap up the steps into my neighbor’s house. Candles are lit in each window up and down the street and the world is dormant. Did they see me? My body is the same mass of dark light and bright shadows as the rest of the night and, as I perch on my car hood, the only indication of my existence is the obtrusive backlight of my laptop. It is 10 pm and I sit watching the world. [The click of a door knob. The sighing of heating units. The ceiling above me which lacks stars] It is times like these when I write, where there are no distractions impeding the mental clarity necessary to put the mind on the page. I set my fingers to the keyboard and simply record what I see – The world is sleeping, humanity hides its face while the pale concrete houses trap in light. We will write a custom essay sample on Watching Prosody or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stave off darkness. It is here that nature unfurls herself Revealing her dark green glory†¦ I am an observer. A truth seeker, who catalogues what she knows and then with a writer’s ruthless word count capture it. I used to be afraid of questioning life due to its enigmatic answers – I shouldn’t have. I believe answers exist, that one can explain living. For there is such a resonance when one finds the perfect expression to describe an object, it can’t be anything but true. And as long as I sit and watch, I’ll find it. I am a writer. And I seek to understand.

Definition of Corporate and Social Responsibility

Definition of Corporate and Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility refers to all the efforts made by an organization to satisfy the interests of the society and its stakeholders. An organization goes beyond the expectations of regulatory bodies to promote the social welfare of its stakeholders and the surrounding community.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Corporate and Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Corporate Social Responsibility is not a profit making venture but a way of giving back to the society by guarding stakeholders’ interests. The benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility should trickle down to all the members in the community without any kind of discrimination. Corporate Social Responsibility should begin from within the organization where the welfare of employees is taken care of. Organizations are always under scrutiny by the, government public and other stakeholders with failure to participa te in activities that enhance the welfare of its customers, employees and the community at large dents its leading serious consequences. This essay will compare and contrast different Corporate Social Responsibility models used by organizations. The financial power exhibited by organizations means that the national economy of any country depends on their general input (Mallin, 2009). The surplus money that organizations have at their disposal should be used on funding environmental conservation and social welfare programs. The Social Corporate Responsibility concept is understood differently by different organizations. The Corporate Social Responsibility programs and initiatives are implemented using different models that depend on a company’s philosophy on Corporate Social Responsibility (Mallin, 2009). There is always a contention on how far organizations should go when trying to meet societal goals. Many Corporate Social Responsibility models used by organizations are norm ally integrated with the overall business model of the organization. Organizations are expected to comply with legal and ethical standards when carrying out corporate and social responsibilities. The pyramid of Social Corporate Responsibility is a graphic model that defines Corporate Social Responsibility in four parts. This broad definition has some similarities and differences with other Corporate Social Responsibility definitions (Mallin, 2009). The four facets of the Corporate Social Responsibility pyramid define and explain Social Corporate Responsibility from different perspectives.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Corporate Social Responsibilities are very wide and this calls for a clear understanding of the four perspectives. The economic facet that represents all the economic responsibilities of an organization forms the base of the pyramid (Mallin, 200 9). Organizations have shareholders that invest in them with an aim of getting returns from their investment. The economic facet ensures that shareholders do not lose their investments. Companies have the responsibility of ensuring that investors receive rightful dividends and investment returns on time. It is the responsibility of a company to come up with ways of making profits for investors to enjoy the benefits of their investment. The economic facet brings a new dimension to the definition of Corporate Social Responsibility because other definitions do not actually highlight the investors’ welfare (Bacher, 2007). A profitable company ensures continuous supply of important goods and services as well as the creation of employments opportunities for the unemployed. It is the responsibility of an organization to come up with the right strategies and systems in order to improve its revenues for the benefit of shareholders (Bacher, 2007). The second facet of the Corporate Soci al Responsibility pyramid is the legal facet. Organizations have the responsibility of obeying all the regulations that govern its operations. The company has to adhere to all the laws and regulations governing environmental conservation, employee protection, consumer protection and contractual agreements. The legal facet of the pyramid only focuses on the laid down regulations but does not mention the extra effort put in place by organizations beyond the normal legal requirements (Bacher, 2007). Organizations come up with extra initiatives to help the community which supersede the minimal legal requirements. It is important for organizations to adhere to all regulations because failure to do so puts the company at the risk of being shut down and in the process harming investors and employees (Bacher, 2007). The third facet of the Corporate Social Responsibility pyramid is the ethical facet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Corporate and Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All the activities of an organization should be just and fair without causing any harm to employees, consumers and the environment. It is the responsibility of an organization to observe the law and demonstrate ethical leadership for the benefit of all stakeholders (Bacher, 2007). Examples of an organization’s ethical responsibilities include waste management, genuine advertisements and how the employees are treated within the organization. It is also ethical for an organization to provide good working conditions for its employees. The ethical facet emphasizes the fact that Corporate Social Responsibility should begin from within the organization as it spreads to the community (Bacher, 2007). The fourth and final facet of the Corporate Social Responsibility is the philanthropic facet. This is the facet that is highlighted in almost all models of Corporate Social Responsibility. Accordin g to the philanthropic facet, it is the responsibility of organizations to commit its financial and human resources towards improving the quality of life in the community (Anderson, 1989). Some of the programs that organizations support under the philanthropic facet include health programs, educational programs, civic programs and volunteer programs (Anderson, 1989). The four facets of Social Corporate Responsibility have critical tensions among themselves (Anderson, 1989). There is a strong relationship between the economic facet and the philanthropic facet because the financial position of an organization determines whether it will participate in philanthropic programs or not. Philanthropic initiatives require finances and it becomes difficult for an organization that is struggling financially to sponsor philanthropic initiatives.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The economic and legal facets are dependent on each other since it is difficult for an organization to operate and make profits without having complied with all the laws and regulations (Anderson, 1989). All the components of the Corporate Social Responsibility pyramid are very important in the general running of an organization. The corporate Social Responsibility pyramid forms the basis on which different models are built upon. The similarities between the various Corporate Social Responsibility models are many compared to differences (Bacher, 2007). The objectives of Corporate Social Responsibility are very similar regardless of the model adopted by an organization. It is important to conduct a feasibility study before choosing the type of Corporate Social Responsibility model to use in a particular community. The two most common models are the constituency and the sustainability model (Bacher, 2007). The constituency model classifies an organization into different groups that ha ve similar interests. The company management should work hard to ensure the interests of each group are satisfied. Some of the constituencies under the constituency model include shareholders, employees, consumers, creditors and the outside community (Bacher, 2007). This model can lead to conflicts if an organization satisfies the interests of one group and fails to consider other groups. The interests of shareholders and non-shareholders should be considered in a company’s Corporate Social Responsibility strategies (Bacher, 2007). A company that focuses on making a lot of profits without giving its employees fair remunerations is bound to have conflicts. The idea of splitting an organization into constituencies is what makes this model to be very unique compared to other models (Schwartz, 2011). The Sustainability model takes a different approach by advocating for economic sustainability for the successful implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives. Accord ing to the sustainability model, an organization should have long-term strategies to ensure it maintains profitability on a long-term basis (Schwartz, 2011). An organization’s future depends on the economic sustainability of the organization. The well-being of stakeholders is key to an organization’s sustainability. In conclusion, Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives are aimed at ensuring the interests of all stakeholders are satisfied. Corporate Social Responsibility is a way through which an organization can give back to the society. The Corporate Social Responsibility pyramid consists of four fundamental components that are necessary for a company to be fully operational (Schwartz, 2011). Corporate social Responsibility models may have different approaches but the goals and objectives are almost similar. The sustainability and constituency models are the two major models that organizations use when implementing Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives. The Corporate Social Responsibility pyramid broadens the definition of Corporate Social Responsibility definition to include the economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic components. Corporate Social Responsibility Definitions have many similarities compared to differences because the goals and objectives are almost similar regardless of the model or approach a particular organization adopts. References Anderson, J., (1989). Corporate Social Responsibility: Guidelines for top management. New York, NY: ABC-CLIO. Bacher, C., (2007). Corporate Social Responsibility. New York, NY: GRIN Verlag. Mallin, C. (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility: A case study approach. New York, NY: Edward Elgar Publishing. Schwartz, M., (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility: An ethical approach. New York, NY: Broadview Press.

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data (CASE) module 5 Essay

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data (CASE) module 5 - Essay Example For instance, employers and organizations are putting more limitation on the accessibility of their information. In the long run, these organizations are suffering time management issues. In this cases, organizations have limited the access of information to physicians and nurses likewise. This limitation requires organizations to only authorize a few entities to information databases. For the physicians and nurses, flow of information changes from prompt and detailed to delayed and censored. The article defines the cost of unintended consequences from policies and other strategies (Jarrell et al. 2012). An interdisciplinary health care delivery can be defined through the consideration of the term interdisciplinary meaning integration of multiple disciplines or fields of expertise. Within the health care sector interdisciplinary health care delivery means the delivery of services by collaboration of multiple health care professionals. Normally health care professionals use interdisciplinary health care delivery when they are faced by multi-step medical intervention. This medical intervention plan may involve diagnosis by a doctor, tests by a lab technician, prescriptions by a physician, and administration of care by nurses. In this case, the flow of information starts from the first professional to see the patient down to the one offering care. The advantages of using interdisciplinary health care delivery include professional intervention by experts on specific areas of the intervention. This ensures accuracy and best practice ensuring that all parties provide timely and relevant i ntervention input coinciding with their qualifications (Hinegardner, 2003). The law of unintended consequences is an idiomatic warming that informs administrative bodies that their strategies and policies have the potential of leading to undesired or unintended results. With application to the health care sector, the law of unintended

Wars Without Congressional Declaration of War Essay

Wars Without Congressional Declaration of War - Essay Example Of those killed in the Korean War, 4,759 died while missing in action (MIA), 2,806 perished in prison camps (POW) and 2,484 died of wounds received (â€Å"All POW†, 2001). More than 8,000 soldiers are still listed as missing. Of the 1.7 million American troops deployed to Korea, the official number killed was more than 33,000 but when including those who died from illness, accidents and wounds received after they came home, the number rises to approximately 53,000. U.S. expenditures exceeded $64 billion dollars on the war (Yan, 2003). The most deadly battles all occurred during the first year of the war. Three thousand six hundred three American soldiers died in the initial battle, the Pusan perimeter that lasted from August 4 through September 16, 1950. Another 1,641 were killed at the Chosin Reservoir, November 27 – December 9 and 1,194 at Kunu-Ri, November 29 – December 9 (â€Å"The Forgotten War† 2007). The hard lesson learned, seemingly, from America’s involvement in Vietnam was that possessing an overwhelming military force does not guarantee victory. Though three million enemies were killed compared to 58,156 on the American side, the ‘big dog’ in the fight eventually had to run home with its tail between its legs, beaten and humiliated. More than 2,594,000 U.S. military personnel were sent to South Vietnam from 1965 through 1973 in addition to the 50,000 ‘advisors’ prior to that. Of those, 75,000 were classified as severely disabled with more than 23,000 soldiers classified as 100 percent disabled. The MIA total was 2,338 and 114 of the 744 POW’s were killed (Duffie, 2004). The U.S. entered the Vietnam War and the recent invasion of Iraq to spread democracy to oppressed peoples (the official representation) and with great optimism for victory. Both conflicts supplied a similar paradigm: the ability of America to use its military power as

Polyester: History, Development and Applications

Polyester: History, Development and Applications ABSTRACT:Â   Polyester is a synthetic fiber derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum. Polyester fibers are formed from a chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol, and is developed in a 20th-century laboratory. In the formation of polyester reaction, two or more molecules combine to make a large molecule whose structure repeats throughout its length. Polyester fibers can form very long molecules that are very stable and strong. Polyester has been considered to have several advantages over traditional fabrics such as cotton. One of its most important quality is that it does not absorb moisture, but does absorb oil; this quality makes polyester the perfect fabric for the application of water-, soil-, and fire-resistant finishes. Its another quality, that is, low absorbency also makes it naturally resistant to stains. Polyester is used in the manufacture of many products, including clothing, home furnishings, industrial fabrics, computer and recording tapes, and electrical insulation. As we go along further, we would see the various uses of polyester in all the several fields such as clothing, furnishing, etc. Fabrics woven from polyester thread or yarn are used extensively in apparel and home furnishings, from shirts and pants to jackets and hats, bed sheets, blankets and upholstered furniture. Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in tire reinforcements, fabrics for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics and plastic reinforcements with high-energy absorption. Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters and upholstery padding. We would discuss in detail the history of polyester, the method of manufacturing of polyester, its various uses, and its importance in our day to day life, how much we use polyester in our life without really noticing that it is polyester we are using. INTRODUCTION: In short we can say that polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. Even though there are many types of polyester, the term polyester as a specific material most commonly refers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters include naturally-occurring chemicals. Naturally occurring chemicals include that are found in nature and are not man-made such as in the cut in of plant cuticles. An example of synthetic fiber is synthetics through step-growth polymerization such as polycarbonate and polybutyrate. Generally natural polyesters and even a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, that is, they can break down or decay naturally without any special treatment, and can therefore be thrown away without causing pollution. Whereas on the other hand, most synthetic polyesters, which are more commonly used, are not biodegradable. Polyester is a term often defined as long-chain polymers chemically composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester and a dihydric alcohol and a terephthalic acid. In simpler terms, it means that polyester is the linking of several esters within the fibers. Reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid results in the formation of esters. Polyester also refers to the various polymers in which the backbones are formed by the esterification condensation of polyfunctional alcohols and acids. Polyester can also be classified as saturated and unsaturated polyesters. Saturated polyesters refer to that family of polyesters in which the polyester backbones are saturated. They are thus not as reactive as unsaturated polyesters. The saturated polyesters consist of low molecular weight liquids used as plasticizers and as reactants in forming urethane polymers, and linear, high molecular weight thermoplastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron and Mylar). Usual reactants for the saturated polyesters are a glycol and an acid or anhydride. Unsaturated polyesters refer to that family of polyesters in which the backbone consists of alkyl thermosetting resins characterized by vinyl unsaturation. They are mostly used in reinforced plastics. These are the most widely used and economical family of resins. Characteristics of polyester Polyester fabrics and fibers are extremely strong and thus durable. Polyester is very durable: it is resistant to most chemicals, stretching and shrinking, wrinkle resistant, mildew and abrasion resistant. Polyester is hydrophobic in nature, that is, these molecules and quick drying. It can be used for insulation by manufacturing hollow fibers. Polyesters quality to retain its shape is good for making outdoor clothing for harsh climates. Polyester can be easily washed and dried, without the added tension of ironing and all because it does not form wrinkles. HISTORY OF POLYESTER: Polyester became famous for Scrunch it, pull it, and wash it without any wear and wrinkles. Polyester was the fabric of choice in an economy that was changing in terms of speed, efficiency and convenience. The textile industrys answer to food industry producing fries and coke was the production of Polyester quick, cheap and easy. Carothers Work It was W.H.Carothers who discovered that alcohols and carboxyl acids could be successfully mixed to create fibers. Carothers was working for DuPont at the time and unfortunately when he discovered Nylon, polyester took a back seat. PET Terylene The incomplete research of Carothers had not advanced to investigating the polyester formed from mixing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Whinfield and Dickson 2 British scientists are the ones who patented PET or PETE in 1941. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) forms the basis for synthetic fibers like Dacron, Terylene and polyester. Later that year, the first polyester fiber Terylene was created by Whinfield and Dickson along with Birtwhistle and Ritchiethey. Terylene was first manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries or ICI. DuPonts Role It was in 1946 that DuPont bought all legal rights from ICI, that is, Imperial Chemical Industries. In 1950, the Dealware property of DuPont manufactured another polyester fiber, which they named Dacron. Mylar was introduced in 1952. Polyester was first introduced to the American public in 1951 as the magical fabric that needed no ironing! PET and PEN are DuPont trademarks that have turned the use and consumption of Polyester around. Polyester Becomes Popular Subsequent to the development of Terylene and Dacron, Kodel was developed by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc in 1958. The polyester market underwent rapid expansion and textile mills emerged everywhere. Many of the mills were located at small gas stations and produced cheap polyester apparel. The inexpensive and durable fiber became very popular and the industry expanded rapidly till the 1970s. Unfortunately, the infamous double-knit polyester image hit the industry and polyester soon came to be known as the uncomfortable fabric. The Phoenix Rises Today, polyester is largely regarded as a cheap fabric that is rather uncomfortable for sensitive human skin to wear. It is also not preferred because of its highly inflammable properties. However, the emergence of luxury fibers like polyester microfiber and various polyester blends, the polyester industry is once again on its way to a grand come back. The Tennessee Eastman Company and the Man-Made Fiber Producers Associations (MMFPA) Polyester Fashion Council played a significant role in the revival of polyester. The Tennessee Eastman Company started a YES campaign for polYESter and popularized it via radio and television. The main idea was to focus on the wash and go properties of polyester rather than sell it as a cheap fabric. Hoechst Fibers Industries also played a part in the history of polyester. They conducted various studies from 1981 to 1983 and found that 89% of people could not distinguish between polyester and other natural fibers like cotton, wool and silk. Also, it was found that people were more interested in the appearance of the apparel than the fabric it was made of. Today, the biggest contributor to the appeal of polyester is the discovery of microfibers. Microfibers give polyester the feel of silk and are rapidly becoming the choice of fabric. With an expensive tag to match, the cheap image of polyester seems to be on its way out. Heres to heralding a new era in the history of polyester! MANUFACTURING OF POLYESTER: Polyester Manufacturing Polyester fibers or the synthetic fibers are long chain polymers which are derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum. They are formed through chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol, which forms ester. In this reaction, two or more molecules combine to make a large molecule whose structure repeats throughout its length. These molecules are very stable and strong. There are variations in the compositions and therefore in the properties of polyester fibers. Types of Polyester PHYPERLINK http://www.teonline.com/fibers-yarns-threads/polyester-fiber.htmlolyester fibers are generally available in two varieties- PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PCDT (poly-1, 4-cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate). PET is the most common production of polyester. It is stronger than PCDT, while PCDT has more elasticity and resilience. Another advantage of PET is that it can be used alone or blended with other fabrics for making wrinkle free and stain resistant clothing that can retain its shape. PCDT is more suitable for heavier applications. These heavier applications include draperies and furniture coverings. Modifications can be introduced in each of these varieties for obtaining specific properties. Raw Materials Polyester is a chemical term which can be broken into poly, meaning many, and ester, a basic organic chemical compound. The principle ingredient used in the manufacture of polyester is ethylene, which is derived from petroleum. In this process, ethylene is the polymer, the chemical building block of polyester, and the chemical process that produces the finished polyester is called polymerization. PET Polyester For manufacturing PET Polyester, the main raw material is ethylene derived from petroleum. This ethylene is oxidized to produce a glycol monomer dihydric alcohol which is further combined with another monomer, terephthalic acid at a high temperature in a vacuum. Polymerization, the chemical process that produces the finished polyester, is done with the help of catalysts. Catalysts are used to speed up the rate of a reaction. Then a colorless molten polyester is formed which then flows from a slot in a vessel on to a casting wheel and takes shape of a ribbon as it cools to hardness. The polymer thus produced by this process is then cut into very small chips, dried to remove all moisture and blended to make it uniform for getting it ready for spinning into yarn. PCDT Polyester This variation of polyester is made by condensing terephthalic acid with 1, 4-cyclohexane-dimethanol to form poly-1, 4-cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate or the PCDT Polyester. As for PET Polyester, PCDT is processed for melt spinning. Spinning Polymer chips are melted at 500-518ÂÂ °F (260-270ÂÂ °C) to form a syrup-like solution. The polymer, which is now in a molten form, is then extruded through a spinneret and the filaments are subsequently drawn into the desired polyester fiber. Variations are introduced to obtain desired end results. Spinnerets having hole of different shapes such as round, trilobal, pentalobal, hexalobal or octalobal can be used for special effects like opacity, luster or its suppression, wicking, comfort or feel. Hollow fibers may be produced to make it lightweight and for providing greater cushioning or insulative properties. Crepe effect can be obtained through crimps. Certain additives may also be combined with the spinning solutions for specific properties. Delusterant can be added to make the fiber dull, a flame retardant may be added or certain other antistatic substance may also be included. The product stream divides into two different application areas which are mainly textile applications and packaging applications, after the first stage of polymer production in the melt phase. In the table shown below, the main applications of textile and packaging polyester are listed. Textile Packaging Staple fiber (PSF) Bottles for CSD, Water, Beer, Juice, Detergents Filaments POY, DTY, FDY A-PET Film Technical yarn and tire cord Thermoforming Non-woven and spun bond BO-PET Biaxial oriented Film Mono-filament Strapping Abbreviations: PSF = Polyester Staple Fiber; POY = Partially Oriented Yarn; DTY = Draw Textured Yarn; FDY = Fully Drawn Yarn; CSD = Carbonated Soft Drink; A-PET = Amorphous Polyester Film; BO-PET = Biaxial Oriented Polyester Film; Drawing After extrusion from the spinneret, the fibers are drawn or elongated, with the help of godet wheels. The polyester fibers are usually drawn up to five times its original length, depending upon the desired properties. The filaments are drawn to a greater extent, for higher tenacity. When the fibers come in contact with the air, they solidify. Generally, the PET fibers are drawn hot as it produces more uniform fibers. PCDT fibers are drawn at higher temperature because of their higher melting point. During the drawing process itself, fibers may be textured which saves time, efforts and production cost and also gives greater quality control over the finished fibers. After the polyester yarn is drawn, it is wound on large bobbins or flat-wound packages, ready to be woven into material. Types of Polyester Yarns Polyester yarns have a wide range of diameters and staple lengths. The yarns are made basically as monofilament yarns, multifilament yarns and spun yarns. Filament Yarns PET Polyester is used to make filament yarns either in monofilament or multifilament forms. The direction and amount of twists are decided by the desired end use. The properties are also pre-determined. There are various types of such yarns. There is the bright, regular tenacity polyester yarn having light, stretch and sag resistance, used for sheer lightweight fabrics like tulle, voile and organdy. The regular tenacity semi dull yarn used for various apparels including lingerie. Its duller version is used for shirts and blouses. Polyester yarns resistant to various chemicals, and micro organisms are produced from high tenacity fibers for such industrial uses as conveyor belts, ropes and nets etc. Textured Yarns These yarns are made of PET multifilaments. Texturizing is either done along with the drawing process or afterwards during throwing or texturizing process. Spun Yarns Spun yarns are made of staple or cut PET or PCDT polyester fibers. The staple may be bright, semi dull or dull and tenacity may be regular, mid or high. It may be polished to reduce crimp and increase luster. It may either be spun alone or blended with other staple such as cotton, wool or rayon and then spun into yarn. Manufacturing Staple Fiber In making polyester staple fiber, polymerization, drying, and melt spinning are much the same as in the manufacture of filament yarn. However, in the melt spinning process, the spinneret has many more holes when the product is staple fiber. The rope-like bundles of polyester that emerge are called tow. Drawing tow * 1: Newly-formed tow is quickly cooled in cans that gather the thick fibers. Several lengths of tow are gathered and then drawn on heated rollers to three or four times their original length. Crimping * 2: Drawn tow is then fed into compression boxes, which force the fibers to fold like an accordion, at a rate of 9-15 crimps per inch (3-6 per cm). This process helps the fiber hold together during the later manufacturing stages. Setting *3: After the tow is crimped, it is heated at 212-302ÂÂ °F (100-150ÂÂ °C) to completely dry the fibers and set the crimp. Some of the crimp will unavoidably be pulled out of the fibers during the following processes. Cutting * 4: Following heat setting, tow is cut into shorter lengths. Polyester that will be blended with cotton is cut in 1.25-1.50 inch (3.2-3.8 cm) pieces; for rayon blends, 2 inch (5 cm) lengths are cut. For heavier fabrics, such as carpet, polyester filaments are cut into 6 inch (15 cm) lengths. Synthesis Synthesis of polyesters is generally achieved by a polycondensation reaction. See condensation reactions in polymer chemistry. The General equation for the reaction of a diol with a diacid is: (n+1) R (OH) 2 + n RÂÂ ´ (COOH) 2 > HO [ROOCRÂÂ ´COO] n ROH + 2n H2O Azeotrope esterification In this classical method, an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react to form a carboxylic ester. To assemble a polymer, the water formed by the reaction must be continually removed by azeotrope distillation. Acylation (HCl method) The acid begins as an acid chloride, and thus the polycondensation proceeds with emission of hydrochloric acid (HCl) instead of water. This method can be carried out in solution or as an enamel. Silyl method In this variant of the HCl method, the carboxylic acid chloride is converted with the trimethyl silyl ether of the alcohol component and production of trimethyl silyl chloride is obtained Acetate method (esterification) Silyl acetate method Ring-opening polymerization Aliphatic polyesters can be assembled from lactones under very mild conditions, catalyzed anionically, cationically or metallorganically. Cross-linking Unsaturated polyesters are thermosetting resins. They are generally copolymers prepared by polymerizing one or more diol with saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids (maleic acid, fumaric acid) or their anhydrides. The double bond of unsaturated polyesters reacts with a vinyl monomer mainly the styrene, resulting in a 3-D cross-linked structure. This structure acts as a thermoset. The cross-linking is initiated through an exothermic reaction involving an organic peroxide, such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide or benzoyl peroxide. APPLICATION OF POLYESTER: Polyester is used in manufacturing of many products, such as clothing, home furnishings, industrial fabrics, computer, recording tapes, and electrical insulation. It has several advantages over traditional fabrics as it does not absorb moisture. Its low absorbency also makes it naturally resistant to stains. Polyester clothing can be preshrunk in the finishing process. This makes it resist shrinking and it doesnt stretch out of shape. The fabric can be dyed easily, and is mildew resistant too. Textured polyester fibers are an effective, nonallergenic insulator, thus it is used for filling pillows, quilting, outerwear, and sleeping bags. Because of their many desirable qualities, polyester fibers and fabrics have many uses. Polyester is often used in outerwear because of its high tenacity and durability. It is a strong fiber and consequently can withstand strong and repetitive movements. Its hydrophobic property makes it ideal for garments and jackets that are to be used in wet or damp environmentscoating the fabric with a water-resistant finish intensifies this effect. Many jackets and quilted garments are made of polyester. Since polyester can be molded into almost any shape, certain insulating properties can be built-in to the fiber. One method is to create hollow fibers: This process traps air inside the fiber which is then heated by the body. The warm air stays inside and helps warm the body in cool weather. A second method is to use crimped polyester in a fiberfill. The crimp helps keep in warm air. Polyester is an ideal fiber to use for this since it will retain its shape, unlike its cotton and wool counterparts that tend to flatten out over time, significantly reducing their ability to trap warm air. Polyester is often used in pants, shirts, suits, and bed sheets either by itself or as a blend, because of its wrinkle-resistant property and its ability to retain its shape. Since these garments are frequently worn and washed, its stain-resistancy and durability are also desirable. Polyester also has industrial uses as well, such as carpets, filters, synthetic artery replacements, ropes, and films. The pie chart below, taken from Fiber Science by Kathryn L. Hatch, summarizes many of polyesters uses: When the world thinks of plastic films, it thinks of PET. Packaging Applications Polyester film is used in many types of packaging applications ranging from food and drugs to industrial and consumer goods. As plain or metalized, formable, heat-shrinkable and/or coated for barrier, metal adhesion, laminating adhesion, extrusion coating adhesion, printing or sealing, PET film offers excellent characteristics for the packaging market easy machinability, strength, high- and low-temperature resistance, crystal clarity, and printability. The properties that make PET film ideal for packaging applications include: High strength for high speed processes, higher tensions, and higher temperatures Chemical surface treatment during manufacturing or post-manufacturing to enhance characteristics, such as barrier, adhesion, printability, metal adhesion, and release High clarity Strength and resistance to tear Dimensional stability over a very wide range of temperatures and humidity Resistance to attack by moisture and most common solvents Excellent barrier to both oxygen and water vapor to extend shelf- life. Applications Flexible packaging PET film is an excellent laminating substrate for flexible packaging structures, i.e. stand-up pouches, offering excellent flex and puncture resistance. Lidding PET film maintains its strength at both, freezer and oven temperatures, for leak-resistant wraps, lidding, and peelable seals in a wide range of food and nonfood applications. Can laminations Co polyester film is laminated to metal for can applications. Metallized packaging Metallized PET film is used for high barrier, decoration, and embossed holographic applications. Susceptors lightly Metallized PET film is used in microwave Susceptors constructions for browning and cooking food in microwave ovens. Imaging The unique combination of optical, physical, thermal, and chemical properties of polyester film has made it the film of choice for many imaging applications. Some of the major applications include x-ray, photographic, printing, microfilm, photoresist/phototool, overhead projection transparencies, and drafting/reprographics. Currently, these applications account for about 30% of the total PET film consumption. Recent developments in electronic imaging may cause some decline in the use of PET film in some of these applications, but the impact is not expected to be very significant in the near future. The properties that make PET film ideal are its: Brilliantly clear nature Very smooth and glossy surface Ability to: be translucent, opaque, or colored (with suitable additives) have a desired rough or matt finish (with filler additives or coatings) be chemically surface treated during manufacture to enhance adhesion to subsequent coatings Strength and resistance to tear Excellent flatness (freedom from curl and cannot be creased easily) Dimensional stability over a very wide range of temperatures and humidity Resistance to attack by moisture (or most of the common solvents) Non-aging characteristics Shelf life (can be stored for a long time) Applications X-Ray Out of the total PET film usage for imaging applications, more than 30% goes into x-ray base. Typically, a blue-tinted 175 micron PET film is coated with a gelatin-based photosensitive coating and is used as medical x-ray film. Photographic Generally, 100 micron and 175 micron PET film is coated with silver-sensitized layers for photographic applications mainly in professional photographic films and instant photographic applications. Printing PET film is used for printing applications such as in layout, masking, pre-press proofing, plate mounting, and photopolymer plates. PET film is also widely used as a base to print on for displays, signage, posters, labels, etc. Microfilm Originals and duplicates of micro-images of documents, records, drawings, etc., are produced on suitably coated PET film for easy storage, space saving, and retrieval. Photoresist Phototool PET film is used in the plating or etching processes for production of rigid and flexible printed circuits. Overhead Projection Transparencies Coated PET film is used for making overhead projection transparencies in plain paper copying machines. Overhead projection transparencies can be printed by other techniques and written on, as well. Drafting Reprographic PET base film is coated with matt or diazo-sensitized or silver-sensitized lacquers, and is widely used for drafting and in the duplication of engineering drawings. This drawing office film is considered to be more convenient for making subsequent changes in designs, and it can also be used for storage. Industrial Specialty Applications Polyester films thermal, chemical, and dimensional stability coupled with its high tensile strength, durability, flex resistance, and clarity promote broad utilization in Industrial and Specialty applications. Polyester film can be produced in a wide range of thickness (from one to several hundred microns) and visible light transmission from essentially 0% to 99+%. Polyester films ability to be customized through both polymer and surface modification to fit the specific application adds to its versatility and value as a film of choice. Key properties of PET: Dimensional stability, both thermal and moisture Chemical and solvent resistant Strength, tear, and flexual resistance Broad light transmission: optically clear to opaque Surface treatable for adhesion to a variety of materials Broad thickness availability Printable surfaces Few, if any, flexible films available today provide the broad array of performance properties for use in the Industrial and Specialty application market. PET film provides exceptional value in a wide variety of applications. Electrical Applications Polyester film itself is used as electrical insulation. It is also used as a laminate with other substrates, such as non-woven polyester matt (DMD), and organic and inorganic papers, such as aramid paper, silica paper, and mica paper. Polyester film can be used in UL registered electrical systems rated as high as Class F (155ÂÂ °C). Laminates can be used in systems rated as high as Class R (220ÂÂ °C). In motor applications, polyester film is used for ground insulation as slot liners and wedges, as well as phase insulation. The high electrical breakdown voltage, coupled with polyester films high resistance to degradation, makes it ideal for mechanical barriers in wire and cable applications. In transformer and high-voltage distribution equipment applications, polyester film is used to wrap the conductors. Polyester film, with lower extractable content, is effective for use in hermetic applications, such as refrigerator and air conditioner motor/compressor assemblies. PEN polyester film is used where higher temperature performance is required, either in the fabrication stage or in the end-use operating conditions. Thin polyester films (two micron and below) are an integral component of capacitors, where polyesters high dielectric constant and its physical properties enable the component design to be optimized and miniaturized. The physical properties of polyester film (such as dimensional stability, thermal stability at elevated temperatures, and coefficient of friction) combined with its mechanical properties (such as tensile break strength, tensile yield strength, and elongation at break) and its chemical and electrical resistance; make it the preferred material for a wide variety of electrical insulation applications. Magnetics Polyester film is used in a variety of magnetic media, including video, camcorder and audio tapes, and data storage applications such as floppy disks and computer tapes. For all magnetics applications, the base film is further coated with a magnetically receptive coating layer. Polyester film has the excellent dimensional stability required to ensure that the heavy coating layer does not distort and faithfully records the images, sound, or data. The largest volumes of PET film for the magnetic market sector are consumed at present in conventional video and audio tapes. Once again, the dimensional stability of polyester, plus the ability to have a magnetic coating layer adhere to the film, are key to these new applications, which are reaching exceptionally high information densities with corresponding reductions in size and faster data access times. The dynamic nature of this market segment, with new applications growing as others mature, is typical of the innovation that exists in the polyester film industry. Use of polyester in garments Polyester is used in the manufacturing of all kinds of clothes and home furnishings like bedspreads, sheets, pillows, furniture, carpets and even curtains. The disco clothing of the 70s with all its jazz and flash was made of polyester. Hydrophobic nature: High tenacity and good durability makes polyester the choice of fabric for high stress outdoors use. Polyester is also a strong fiber that is hydrophobic in nature. It is thus ideal for clothing to be used in wet and damp environments. The fabric is also coated with a water-resistant finish and further intensifies the hydrophobic nature. Being the most heavily recycled polymer worldwide, it is also used by climbers. Climbing suits, parkas, sleeping bags and other outdoor gear are using the new insulating polyester fiberfill products. One can also do winter windsurfing wearing dry suits lined with polyester fleece. Creating insulation: By creating hollow fibers it is also possible to build insulation into the polyester fiber. Air is trapped inside the fiber, which is then warmed by the heat of the body. This keeps the body warm in cold weather. Another method to build insulation is to use crimped polyester in a fiberfill. The crimp helps keep the warm air in. Polyester is an ideal fabric for this kind of insulation because it retains its shape. Cotton and wool tend to flatten over a period of time and loose the warming effect. Wrinkle resistant: Polyester is also wrinkle resistant and is used very often in everyday clothing like pants, shirts, tops, skirts and suits. Used either by itself or as a blend, it is also stain resistant and hence very popular. Polyester care tips Taking care of polyester clothing is really easy and very time efficient. Polyester clothing can be machine washed and dried. Adding a fabric softener generally helps Dry the fabric at low temperatures to get maximum usage from the clothing. Though polyester does not require much ironing, if

American Gothic Literature Essay

American gothic literature became popular in the 19th century when writers started to captivate reader’s attention with stories of mystery and tragedy. This literary scheme was most effective due to it being able to compare real society in a more bizarre sense. In all great Gothic stories, the writer is proving a point on what society needs to realize. In Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† (553), Hawthorne shows the journey of a young man who is slowly being corrupted and robbed of his innocence. In this story, Hawthorne also uses symbolism to provide mystery and hint at the meaning of the story of society’s corruptness. Although, American gothic literature was one of the first types of popular American literature, the literature was influenced by earlier gothic writers. Who started to invent gothic literature, which was developed around 1800 in Europe. These earlier writers, such as Shelly who wrote Frankenstein and other stories of tragedy and horror, influenced the American gothic writers, such as Poe and Hawthorne, to write their own renditions of gothic literature, thus birthing American gothic literature. There are many different schemes which go into making a good work of gothic literature. First off the point of view, point of view is such a vital part to the story because the point of view helps provide mystery and foreshadowing which are both important to gothic literature. Gothic literature also interprets chaos in society mostly by exaggerating stories. In addition Gothic literature usually goes from good to bad giving the reader no dynamic character, and ultimately producing a tragedy, which creates the whirlpool where the protagonist is slowly sucked into by the antagonist. All these schemes are all important to gothic literature and are integrated with symbolism and foreshadowing, creating mystery and allowing the reader to think of the true meaning of the story. For example in Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, (149) the story is on a drastic down fall from the beginning, when the protagonist Roderick Usher, calls his friend to come over while he is sick. Roderick already starting off the story as a little mentally ill slowly starts to become more insane. Roderick is affected by his gloomy, near destroyed house and his marriage with his own sister, which creates love and tragedy. The true climax happens towards the end when Roderick buries his sister alive purposely to avoid his marriage. His actions then resulted in the death of himself, and the fall of the house, which Poe uses to show the fall of the Usher family, thus providing the reader with a whirlpool effect, no character growth, and ultimately chaos. This form of gothic literature was not only popular in the 19th century though. American gothic literature began to grow and is still loved by many readers today. These early writers inspired new writers such as Stephen King and many others to create their own works of gothic. In fact, many horror films provide the same schemes that these earlier writers provided. Providing the reader or viewer the same mystery and chaos Poe provided earlier on. In conclusion American gothic literature is a prolific form which captivates many people’s attention with its view on society. With the usage of different forms of symbolism and other literary schemes enhancing the readers experience. This form of literature has been so effective, that American gothic literature still exists today, and still has the same effect it used to. Now even more so in films the type of literature truly has a way of captivating the reader’s attention by providing such a suspenseful experience.

Is “Sredni Vashtar” a Horror Short Story? Essay

â€Å"Sredni Vashtar† Takes a close look into the life and interactions of and between Conradin; his cousin and mentor, Mrs. de Ropp and Conradin’s Ferret and God: Sredni Vashtar. It can be described as a horror story because of its character’s description, themes and setting. It shows the religious downfall of the protagonist, the death of the antagonist and the lack of coherence in society. Saki emphasises the horror in the main characters, including both the protagonists and antagonists. â€Å"Conradin† is described as a â€Å"ten years old† boy, skinny and sick who â€Å"will not live for another 5 years†. It is not a nice image for a boy, and it can either cause sympathy or apathy. However, the fact that he has a â€Å"rampant† imagination and he uses it to evade reality, intimidates the reader. The antagonist is Mrs. De Ropp, a high-class elder woman, which is Conradin’s â€Å"guardian and cousin†. Even if she does not admit it â€Å"she disliked Conradin†, which becomes obvious with some actions and details she has with Conradin, such as killing his hen and friend. Sredni Vashtar is a ferret, a God and a religion, all at the same time. It’s difficult for a reader, especially if we took into account the social and religious contex, to not feel uncomfortable or intimidated with/by this character. It symbolises Conradin’s religious fail, it kills Mrs. De Ropp and is described as a fierce beast. Also it has complete control over Conradin, even that it’s not a thinking individual. The maid is the other human character described. She is the contact point with society and ordinary lifestyles, in other words reality. She is described as a clumsy and â€Å"foolish† person, who lacked importance. This shows the author’s and protagonist’s opinion of society. Despite the fact that is not described in detail, the setting has a lot of impact on the reader. First of all, the story is set during fall, the horror season in most cultures. It’s also the time when nature begins to die. The Edwardian mansion is described to have â€Å"many windows†, which commonly in literature symbolise eyes. This creates a feeling of constant vigilance, as if Conradin and the reader could not do anything without Mrs. De Ropp knowing. The lack of detail pushes the reader to use his own imagination to recreate the old Edwardian mansion, which can either create more fear or reduce it, depending on the reader. The â€Å"cheerless† garden with â€Å"few trees† represents Mrs. De Ropp arid personality and decrepit physical appearance, which emphasises the regret and fear felt for the antagonist. The two main places Conradin spends most time on are his room and the toolshed. The first one is described as been â€Å"dark† and the second been at â€Å"dusk†. Light represents hope, so Sredni Vashtar, who lives in the tool shed, also represents hope. The main themes are the children role in the high class society, how the protagonists fails to fulfil them and the consecuences. The reader can easily see the closed social and religious views Saki is trying to criticise: The edwardian high class social standards, based on pride, severe rules and inhuman punishments and the lack of everyday devotion for religion, despite which one. The protagonist contrast and completely break these rules: Conradin hated his cousin, lost and changed his faith, did not had manners and rejected society. As we can observe â€Å"Sredni Vashta† represents divinity/God’s fail, in a social context where religion was extremely strong and important in everyday life; This obviously drags reader’s attention. Saki also explores the importance of a close family, which he lacked because, just as the protagonist, he was raised in Burma by hated relatives. In the story Conradin did not have a close and loving family so become into a troubled kid , with psychological, health and social problems. The language used to describe the protagonist includes a series of techniques Saki uses to emphasise specific characteristics or cause a certain effect on the reader. For example the religious downfall: Saki describes how Conradin thinks â€Å"church service was an alien rite† and instead his god was a ferret. Saki foreshadows Mrs, De Ropp’s death with Conradin’s hen death and with the prayers Conradin says to Sredni Vashtar: â€Å"Do one thing for me, Sredi Vashtar† This makes the readers pay attention to any details and do not loose interest, as well as creating a horror and suspense atmosphere. The contrast between the â€Å"cold afternoon† and the â€Å"warming daylight† is a pathetic fallacy which represents Mrs. De Ropp’s hope fading, anticipating her death. The toast is a symbolism for the pleasure death can cause. This is shown when Mrs. De Ropp tells Conradin about his friend’s death and she offers him a toast, and when Mrs. De Ropp is killed, Conradin prepares himself a toast. The fact that is his favourite meal shows the sick mentality of the character, who celebrates his freedom but also death. Humor, sarcasm and dramatic irony are commonly used by Saki in â€Å"Sredni Vashtar†, which develop a creepiness sensation on the reader. For example the maid says after Mrs. De Ropp’s death â€Å"Whoever will break it to the poor child?†, this dramatic irony is used to emphasise the fact that society did not understood Conradin, and it’s humorous because the maid was described as a stupid character.